T-28 Instrumented Research Aircraft

History and Development | Modifications
State Variables | Hydrometeor Variables | Kinematic Variables | Electric Field Variables
Norman, OK 2003 | Greeley, CO 2003 | Greeley, CO 2002 | STEPS 2000
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References

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Auer, A. H., Jr., and W. Sand, 1966:  Updraft measurements beneath
     the base of cumulus and cumulonimbus clouds.  J. Appl. Meteor., 5, 
     461-466.

Aydin, K., T. M. Walsh and D. S. Zrnic, 1993:  Analysis of
     the dual-polarization radar and T-28 aircraft measurements during an 
     Oklahoma hailstorm.  Preprints, 26th International Conf.  on Radar
     Meteorology, Norman, OK, 24-28 May 1993.  Amer. Meteor. Soc.,
     Boston. 540-542.

Brandes, E. A., J. Vivekanandan, J. D. Tuttle, and C. J. Kessinger,
     1995:  A study of thunderstorm microphysics with multiparameter radar
     and aircraft observations.  Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 3129-3143.

Bringi, V. N., K. Knupp, A. Detwiler, L. Liu, I. J. Caylor, and 
     R. A. Black, 1996: Evolution of a Florida thunderstorm during the
     Convection and Precipitation/Electrification experiment: The Case
     of 9 August 1991. (Submitted to Mon. Wea. Rev.)

Chang, W.-Y., A. G. Detwiler, M. R. Hjelmfelt and P. L. Smith,
     1995:  Radar and in situ microphysical observations in a High Plains
     squall line.  Preprints, 27th Conf. on Radar Meteor., Vail, CO, 
     9-13 October 1995.  Amer. Meteor. Soc., Boston. 559-561.

Cooper, W. A., 1978:  Cloud physics investigations by the University
     of Wyoming in HIPLEX 1977. Report No. AS119, Dept. of Atmospheric
     Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY. 320 pp.

Detwiler, A. G., J. H. Helsdon, Jr., and D. J. Musil, 1990:
     Evolution of a band ofsevere storms. Preprints Conf. Atmos. Elec.,
     Kananaskis Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 705-709.

_____, P. L. Smith, J. L. Stith, and D. A. Burrows, 1994:
     Ice-producing processes in a North Dakota cumulus cloud.  Atmos. 
     Res., 31, 109-122.

Dye, J. E., and W. Toutenhoofd, 1973:  Measurements of the vertical
     velocity of the air inside cumulus congestus clouds.  Preprints, 
     8th Conf. Severe Local Storms, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Chicago, IL, 33-34.

Foote, G. B., 1984:  A study of hail growth utilizing observed
     storm conditions.  J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 23, 84-101.

French, J. R., J. H. Helsdon, A. G. Detwiler, and P. L. Smith, 1996:  
     Microphysical and electrical evolution of a Florida thunderstorm.  
     Part I: Observations. (Submitted to J. Geophys. Res.)

Heymsfield, A. J., 1983:  Case study of a hailstorm in Colorado:
     Part IV.  Graupel and hail growth mechanisms deduced through particle 
     trajectory calculations.  J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 1482-1509.

_____, and M. R. Hjelmfelt, 1984:  Processes of hydrometeor
     development in Oklahoma convective clouds.  J. Atmos. Sci., 41,
     2811-2835.

_____, and D. J. Musil, 1982:  Case study of a hailstorm in Colorado.  
     Part II: Particle growth processes at mid-levels deduced from in situ
     measurements.  J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 2847-2866.

_____, J. E. Dye and C. J. Biter, 1979:  Overestimates of entrainment
     from wetting of aircraft temperature sensors in cloud.  J. Appl.
     Meteor., 18, 92-95.

Huston, M. W., A. G. Detwiler, F. J. Kopp and J. L. Stith, 1990:
     Observations and model simulations of transport and precipitation
     development in a seeded cumulus congestus cloud.  J. Appl. Meteor., 30,
     1389-1406.

Johnson, G.N., and P. L. Smith, Jr., 1980:  Meteorological 
     instrumentation system on the T-28 thunderstorm research aircraft.
     Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 61, 972-979.

Jones, J. J., 1990:  Electric charge acquired by airplanes penetrating
     thunderstorms.  J. Geophys. Res., 95, 16589-16600.

Knight, C. A., W. A. Cooper, D. W. Breed, I. R. Paluch, P. L. Smith and
     G. Vali, 1982: Microphysics.  Hailstorms of the Central High Plains,
     Vol. 2, Part 1, Chapter 7.  The National Hail Research Experiment.
     National Center for Atmospheric Research in association with Colorado 
     Assoc. Univ. Press, Boulder, CO. 282 pp.

_____, N. C. Knight, W. W. Grotewold and T. W. Cannon, 1977:
     Interpretation of foil impactor impressions of water and ice particles.
     J. Appl. Meteor., 16, 977-1002.

Kopp, F. J., 1985:  Deduction of vertical motion in the atmosphere from
     aircraft measurements.  J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech., 2, 684-688.

Kubesh, R. J., D. J. Musil, R. D. Farley and H. D. Orville, 1988:
     The 1 August 1981 CCOPE storm.  Observations and modeling results.  
     J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 27, 216-243.

Lawson, R. P., and W. A. Cooper, 1990:  Performance of some airborne
     thermometers in clouds.  J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech., 7, 480-494.

Lenschow, D. H., 1976:  Estimating updraft velocity from an airplane
     response.  Mon Wea. Rev., 104, 618-627.

Musil, D. J., and P. L. Smith, 1989:  Interior characteristics at
     mid-levels of thunderstorms in the southeastern United States.
     Atmos. Res., 24, 149-167.

_____, and J. Prodan, 1980:  Direct effects of lightning on an aircraft
     during intentional penetrations of thunderstorms.  Proc. at Symposium on 
     Lightning Technology, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, 363-370.

_____, A. J. Heymsfield and P. L. Smith, 1986:  Microphysical
     characteristics of a well-developed weak echo region in an intense 
     High Plains thunderstorm.  J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 25, 1037-1051.

_____, S. A. Christopher, R. A. Deola, and P. L. Smith, 1991:  Some
     interior observations of southeastern Montana hailstorms. 
     J. Appl. Meteor., 30, 1596-1612.

 _____, C. Knight, W. R. Sand, A. S. Dennis and I. Paluch, 1976a:  Radar
     and related hydrometeor observations inside a multicell hailstorm. 
     Preprints Intnl. Conf. Cloud Physics, Boulder, CO., Amer. Meteor.
     Soc., 644-649.

_____, E. L. May, P. L. Smith, Jr., and W. R. Sand, 1976b:  Structure
     of an evolving hailstorm.  Part IV:  Internal structure from penetrating
     aircraft.  Mon. Wea. Rev., 104, 596-602.

_____, W. R. Sand and R. A. Schleusener, 1973:  Analysis of data from 
     T-28 aircraft penetrations of a Colorado hailstorm.  
     J. Appl. Meteor., 12, 1364-1370.

 Ramachandran, R., A. Detwiler, J. Helsdon, Jr., P. L. Smith, and 
     V. N. Bringi, 1996: Precipitation development and electrification
     in Florida thunderstorm cells during CaPE. (J. Geophys. Res., in press)

Rasmussen, R. M. and A. J. Heymsfield, 1987:  Melting and shedding
     of graupel and hail, Part III. Investigation of the role of shed
     drops as hail embryos in the 1 August CCOPE severe storm.  
     J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 2783-2803.

Rodi, A. R., and P. A. Spyers-Duran, 1972:  Analysis of time response
     of airborne temperature sensors.  J. Appl. Meteor., 11, 554-556.

Sand, W. R., 1976:  Observations in hailstorms using the T-28 aircraft
     system.  J. Appl. Meteor., 15, 641-650.

_____, and R. A. Schleusener, 1974:  Development of an armored T-28
     aircraft for probing hailstorms.  Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 55, 
     1115-1122.

Smith, P. L., A. G. Detwiler, D. J. Musil, and R. Ramachandran:
     Observations of mixed-phase precipitation within a CaPE thunderstorm.
     Preprints, Conf. on Cloud Physics, Dallas, Texas, 15-20 Jan 1995.
     Amer. Meteor. Soc., Boston.

Stith, J. L., A. G. Detwiler, R. F. Reinking and P. L. Smith, 1990:
     Investigating transport, mixing, and the formation of ice in cumuli
     with gaseous tracer techniques.  Atmos. Res., 25, 195-216.

Stolzenburg, M., T. C. Marshall, W. D. Rust, and B. F. Small, 1994:
     Horizontal distribution of electrical and meteorological conditions
     across the stratiform region of a mesoscale convective system.  
     Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 1777-1797.

Waldvogel, A., L. Klein, D. J. Musil and P. L. Smith, 1987:
     Characteristics of radar-identified Big Drop Zones in Swiss hailstorms.
     J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 26, 861-877.

Yuter, S. E. and R. A. Houze Jr., 1995:  Three-dimensional kinematic and
     microphysical evolution of Florida cumulonumbus.  Part I:  Spatial
     distribution of updrafts, downdrafts, and precipitation.  
     Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 1921-1940.
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