10. COMPILATION OF DATA SETS

The intent of GCIP researchers to rely as much as possible on existing data centers as the archive location of GCIP data means that data sets will be geographically distributed among these data centers. The GCIP-DMSS is compiling a centralized set of information on the data sets. In some cases, this set consists of a directory and inventory of the data set, and in other cases it consists of only directory information with the inventory information available from the data center where the data set is stored. A tactical data collection and management plan is prepared for each definable data set compiled by the Project. This plan is converted to a data summary report when the compiled data set is completed.

A number of GCIP initial data sets (GIDS) were prepared to provide the data services support during the build-up period before the Five-year Enhanced Observing Period (EOP). Preparation of the GIDS started in 1993, and the data sets were compiled for on-line access by GCIP investigators to the extent that is technically feasible. They were also published on a CD-ROM for wide distribution, especially to international persons interested in performing initial diagnostic, evaluation, and modeling studies on GCIP-related topics. A summary description of the four composite data sets which comprised the GIDS series is given in Appendix E.

The EOP started on 1 October 1995 and is continuing for five years. The start date of 1 October was in part chosen to correspond to the start of a "water year" as used by the Water Resources groups in organizations such as the U.S Geological Survey. The availability of water data including streamflow data from the USGS National Water Information System is based on the water year. Such data are normally available from this system about six to nine months after the end of the water year. The availability date of these data becomes a primary determining factor in the schedule for the completion of EOP data sets by the GCIP data management system. The data collected during each EOP year are being compiled into a number of standard and custom data sets.

10.1 Compiled Data Sets

The compiled data sets are any GCIP data compiled for a GCIP user or set of users in such a way as to facilitate ease of accessing and using the data. For purposes of organizing the data compilation activity, three different types of compiled data sets are recognized:

A standard data set is one with specifications that are agreed to before the data collection period starts so that standing orders can be provided to the data centers. Agreement on the specifications will be reached at the project level and funded on a year-by-year basis.The primary purpose of the standard data sets is to give wide distribution to specific GCIP data to encourage analysis, research, and modeling studies. The current plans for compiling GCIP standard data sets are summarized in Figure 10-1. Further details about each of the standard data sets are given in the remainder of this section.

[datasets]

Figure 10-1 Compiled and Planned Standard Data Sets for GCIP Research.

A custom data set is one that is either distributed or compiled at a central location and made easily accessible for a group research effort. Applications of custom data sets include validation and/or comparison of algorithms, energy and water budget studies, and model evaluation studies. The primary purpose is to facilitate "group" research efforts. The group requesting the data set will agree to the specifications for the custom data sets. Requests will be submitted to the GCIP office for funding the preparation of the custom data set. Funds will be identified by the Project for each custom data set at the time the request is approved.

The primary purpose of the as requested data set is to enable any user to order a data set with individual specifications from any of the individual data sets listed in the GCIP master catalog or data set guides. The GCIP-DMSS will provide assistance to the user to compile information about data availability to facilitate ordering data sets to specification. Incremental costs for compiling and distributing an as requested data set will in most cases be borne by the user making the request.

10.2 Near Surface Observation Data Set

Since 1993, GCIP has been working in cooperation with other projects and activities in the Arkansas-Red River basin to compile datasets for GCIP research activities. These include the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program, the USDA/Agriculture Research Service in El Reno, OK and the Oklahoma Climate Survey. GCIP has also supported enhancements to existing observation networks to obtain observations crucial for studying and modeling land surface processes and the coupling of these processes with the atmosphere. The support for soil moisture and soil temperature profile measurements in the ARM/CART site and the Little Washita Watershed (shown in Figure 7-1) is particularly noteworthy.

The implementation of this enhanced observation capability has advanced to where it is now feasible to compile a special dataset for land surface and boundary layer studies and modeling. The GCIP/DACOM has compiled a set of data requirements that will be suitable for:

It was pointed out in Section 2.4 that one of the three objectives for model output is - to produce a quantitative assessment of the accuracy and reliability of the model assimilated and derived variables for applications to energy and water budgets. The successful achievement of this objective entails an extensive evaluation of both the model output and the derived variables. All of the evaluations require a lengthy series of observed data for those variables considered significant . As a start on this evaluation effort, GCIP is compiling a special data set of observations for as many of the variables as reasonably available.

10.2.1 Summary Description of a Near-Surface Observation Dataset

The vertical dimension will include from 3000 meters above the surface to two meters below the surface. The specific types of observations are listed in Table 10-1 which is divided into three parts:

Table 10-1: Near Surface Observation Types in each Layer
1. Boundary Layer Z < 3000 meters
    1.1 Temperature profiles
    1.2 Water vapor profiles
    1.3 Wind profiles
    1.4 Clouds
2. Surface (0 < Z <10 meters)
    2.1 Temperature, Specific Humidity, Wind Component, and Surface Pressure
      U & V component wind speed at 10 m
      Temperature at 2 m
      Specific humidity at 2 m
      Surface pressure
    2.2 Surface momentum flux
      Surface U wind stress
      Surface V wind stress
    2.3 Surface sensible and latent heat fluxes
      Surface latent heat flux
      Surface sensible heat flux
      Soil heat flux to Surface
    2.4 Surface skin temperature
    2.5 Precipitation (including snow)
    2.6 Surface Radiation
      Downward shortwave
      Upward shortwave (albedo)
      Downward longwave
      Upward longwave
      Net radiation (measured)
      Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR)
    2.7 Surface and ground water
    2.8 Vegetation type and characteristics
    2.9 Site Description
3. Sub-surface (-2 < Z < 0 meters)
    3.1 Soil moisture (profiles)
    3.2 Soil temperature (profiles)
    3.3 Soil physical and hydraulic properties
    3.4 Wilting point
    3.5 Rooting zone
    3.6 Field capacity

The land surface studies and models can use the data at point locations to force land surface models or can make use of the observations to complete an area analysis for different size areas within the ARM/CART site and the Little Washita Watershed. The difficulty in achieving a consensus on the techniques for an area analysis has necessitated a decision to compile data as close as possible to an observational measurement. This will enable an investigator to use whatever analysis techniques are deemed appropriate for their specific research.

10.2.2 Data Collection Schedule for Near Surface Observation Data Set

In order to maximize the number of observed variables this special data set is focused on the region of the ARM/CART site and the Little Washita Watershed during the period April 1, 1996 through March 31, 1998. If data exchange issues can be resolved with the Oklahoma climate survey, the NESOB data sets will also include data from the Oklahoma Mesonet. Plans to continue compiling NESOB data sets beyond March 1998 are indicated in Figure 10-1.

10.3 Model Output During the EOP

The plans for model output data are remaining fairly constant during the five year EOP as indicated in Table 10-2. There are no plans to subset the model output data by geographical coverage. Emphasis is on the atmospheric regional model output as given in the top part of Table 10-2. The regional model output is divided into three types:

(1) One-dimensional vertical profile and surface time series at selected locations referred to as Model Location Time Series (MOLTS)

(2) Gridded two-dimensional fields, especially ground surface state fields, ground surface flux fields, top-of-the-atmosphere (TOA) flux fields, and atmospheric fields referred to as Model Output Reduced Data Sets (MORDS)

(3) Gridded three-dimensional atmospheric fields containing all of the atmospheric variables produced by the models.

Further details on the regional model output is given in Appendix B.

Table 10-2. Model Output Data for CSA During the EOP
DATA DESCRIPTION DATA AVAILABILITY
MODEL DATA
Atmospheric Regional Models Module Center
Eta Data Assimilation System (EDAS) (3-hrly) X
Eta Model Forecast (12-hrly) X
Eta Model Initialization Analysis GIF Imagery (daily; UTC) UCAR/JOSS
Eta Model Location Time Series (hrly) (MOLTS) X
Eta Model Reduced Data Set (3-hrly) (MORDS) X
Eta Fixed Fields (including land surface) X
RFE Model Analyses (8-hrly) (MORDS) X
RFE Model Forecasts (12-hrly) (MORDS) X
RFE 3-D Fields AES/CMC
RFE Model Location Time Series (hrly) X
RFE Fixed Fields (including land surface) X
MAPS Model Output 3-D Fields NOAA/FSL
MAPS Model Output (MOLTS & MORDS) X
Atmospheric Global Models
NMC Medium Range Forecasts (MRF) (12-hrly) NCAR/DSS
CMC Global Spectral Model (12-hrly) AES/CMC
ECMWF Medium Range WX Fost Model (Daily) ECMWF
NMC Climate Data Assimilation System (CDAS) (Daily) NCAR/DSS
Hydrology Models
RFC Hydrology Model Data (8-hrly) TBD TBD
Derived Data Products
National Precipitation Analysis (Daily) X NCAR/DSS

10.4 Data Collection for ESOP-96

The ESOP-96 data can be divided into three major data categories: In situ, satellite, and model. The responsibility in data collection will fall under each module of the GCIP Data Management and Service System (DMSS) described in Section 9. Although most of the data sources are operational in nature, special arrangements were made to obtain these data in the highest resolution possible. Table 10-3 summarizes the individual datasets comprising the ESOP-96. In addition, an initial phase of compiling a near surface observational data set from the Little Washita Watershed and the ARM/CART site was completed for the period of April to September 1996 (see Section 10.2 for further details). The ESOP -96 Tactical Data Collection and Management Plan provides more details including a brief description of each dataset with information regarding data collection, processing, and final archival and information on dataset dissemination after the compilation is completed in December 1997. Information on the final ESOP-96 datasets will be provided in the ESOP-96 Tactical Data Collection and Management Report to be completed after the data compilation is complete.

TABLE 10-3 Datasets comprising the ESOP-96
IN-SITU DATA
    Surface Data
      Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS) Data
      FAA Automated Weather Observing System (AWOS) Data
      Surface Aviation Observations (SAO) Hourly Data
      SAO Special Observation Data
      High Plains Climate Network (HPCN) Data
      Oklahoma Mesonet Data
      USDA/Agricultural Research Service (ARS) Little Washita Watershed Micronet
      CoAgMet Hourly Data
      Missouri Commercial Agriculture Weather Station (CAWS) Network Data
      Missouri Department of Conservation Fire Weather Network Data
      NMSU Monitored Climate Station Network Data
      NOAA Profiler Network (NPN) Surface Observations
      DOE ARM/CART Surface Meteorological Data
      DOE ARM/CART Radiation Data
      DOE ARM/CART EBBR and ECOR Data
      DOE ARM/CART SWATS Data
      USDA/ARS Little Washita Soil Moisture Data
      USDA/NRCS Soil Moisture Data
      NOAA/GEWEX Long-term Flux Monitoring Site Data
      NWS Cooperative Observer Daily Observations
      NWS Cooperative Observer Precipitation Data
      ABRFC Precipitation Data
      US Army Corps of Engineer (USACE) Precipitation and Streamflow Data
      USGS Precipitation and Streamflow Data
      USGS Reservoir Data
      ESOP-96 Hourly Surface Composite
      ESOP-96 5-min Surface Composite
      ESOP-96 Hourly Precipitation Composite
      ESOP-96 15-min Precipitation Composite
      ESOP-96 Daily Precipitation Composite
    Upper Air Data
      NWS Upper Air Rawinsonde Data (6-sec vertical levels)
      NWS Upper Air Rawinsonde Data (mandatory/significant levels)
      DOE/ARM CART Site Upper Air Data
      NOAA Profiler Network Data
      UW AERI Data
    Radar Data
      WSR-88D Data
      WSR-88D NIDS Data
      WSI Reflectivity Composite Imagery
      ABRFC Stage III WSR-88D Data (including daily GIF imagery)
      NASA/MSFC National Reflectivity Composite
    Land Characterization Data
      PSU 1-km Multi-Layer Soil Characteristics Dataset
      Little Washita River Basin Soils and Land Cover
SATELLITE DATA
    GOES-8/9 Satellite Imagery (Infrared, Visible, and Water Vapor)
    GOES-8/9 VAS Data/Derived Products
    NOAA POES AVHRR Imagery
    NOAA POES TOVS Data
    DMSP SSM/I Data/Imagery
    NOAA Weekly Northern Hemisphere Snow Cover Analysis
    GOES/ASOS Cloud Observations
    CLAVR Clouds
    Satellite Radiation Datasets
    EDC Bi-weekly Vegetation Index
    CAGEX Products
MODEL OUTPUT
    Atmospheric Model Output
      AES/CMC RFE Model Output
      NOAA/NCEP Eta Model Output
      NOAA/NCEP Eta Model 12 UTC Initial Analysis Daily GIFs
      NOAA/FSL MAPS Model Output
      MOLTS Output
      MOLTS Derived Sounding Output
      MORDS Output
    Hydrologic Model Output
      ABRFC Hydrologic Model Output

10.5 EOP-2 Data Collection During WY 1997

The plans for data collection for the second year of the EOP took account of the following general requirements.

Data Collection for ESOP-97

A summary listing of the data collection plans for ESOP-97 is given in Table 10-4.

The ESOP-97 Tactical Data Collection and Management Plan provides more details including a brief description of each dataset with information regarding data collection, processing, and final archival and information on dataset dissemination after the compilation is completed in June 1998.
TABLE 10-4. Datasets comprising the ESOP-97
IN-SITU DATA
    Surface Data
      National
        Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS) Data
        Automated Weather Observing System (AWOS) Data
        Surface Airways Observations (SAO) Hourly Data
        SAO Special Observation Data
        NOAA Profiler Network (NPN) Surface Data
        Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) Site Data
        Canadian Surface Observations
        NWS Cooperative Observer Daily Observations
        NWS Cooperative Observer Precipitation Data
        United States Army Corps of Engineer (USACE) Precipitation and Streamflow Data
        United States Geological Survey (USGS) Streamflow Data
        United States Department of Agriculture/Natural Resources Conservation Service (USDA/NRCS) Soil Moisture Data
        USDA/NRCS Soil Moisture/Soil Temperature (SM/ST) Data
        USGS Reservoir Data
        SURFRAD Data
      Regional
        High Plains Climate Network (HPCN) Data
        Deparment of Energy (DOE) ARM/CART Surface Meteorological Data
        Great Lakes Meteorological Data
        Management Systems Evaluation Areas (MSEA) Project Data
        North Central River Forecast Center (NCRFC) Precipitation Data
        NCRFC Winter Graphical Products and Data
        DOE ARM/CART Soil Water and Temperature System (SWATS) Data
        Wisconsin and Illinois Gravediggers Network Data
        DOE ARM/CART Radiation Data
        DOE ARM/CART Energy Balance Bowen Ratio (EBBR) and Eddy Correlation (ECOR) Data
        USGS/Scientific Assessment and Strategy Team (SAST) Data
        National Ice Center (NIC) Great Lakes Ice Data
        ESOP-97 Hourly Surface Composite
        ESOP-97 Hourly Precipitation Composite
        ESOP-97 Daily Precipitation Composite
      Illinois
        Illinois Department of Transportation (DOT) Network Data
        Chicago Deicing Project Mesonet Data
        Illinois Climate Network (ICN)Data
        Cook County, Illinois Precipitation Network Data
        Imperial Valley Water Authority Precipitation Network Data
        Illinois State Water Survey (ISWS) Soil Moisture Data
        ISWS Wells Data
      Indiana
        Indiana Department of Environmental Management (IDEM) Air Quality Network Data
      Iowa
        Walnut Creek Watershed (Iowa) Meteorological Data
        Walnut Creek Watershed Precipitation Data
        Davenport Iowa ALERT Network Data
        Iowa State University (ISU) Soil Moisture Survey Data
        Walnut Creek Watershed Surface and Groundwater Data
        Walnut Creek Watershed Energy Balance and Evapotranspiration Monitoring Network Data
      Kansas
        Overland Park Kansas ALERT Network Data
      Michigan
        Michigan State University Automated Weather Station Network Data
      Minnesota
        Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (DNR) Fire Weather Network Data
        Minnesota Road Research Project (Mn/ROAD) Data
        Minnesota Extension Climatology Network Data
        University of Minnesota (UM) Watershed Project Data
        Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) Watershed Project Data
        UM Rosemount Experiment Station Data
        Other UM Experiment Station Data
        USGS Interdisciplinary Research Initiative (IRI) Site Data
        Minnesota Precipitation Network Data
      Missouri
        Missouri Commercial Agriculture Weather Station (CAWS) Network Data
        Missouri Department of Conservation Fire Weather Network Data
        Missouri Air Pollution Control Program Network Meteorological Data
      Nebraska
        Papio Basin ALERT Network Data
      North Dakota
        Grand Forks Air Force Base Network Data
        North Dakota Atmospheric Resources Board Cooperative Rain Gage Network Data
      Wisconsin
        University of Wisconsin (UW) Agricultural Weather Observation Network (AWON) Data
        Wisconsin Department of Transportation (DOT) Network Data
        Wisconsin DNR Fire Weather Network Data
        Wisconsin DNR Air Quality Network Data
        Wisconsin Tower Flux Measurement Data
        USDA/NRCS Wisconsin Dense Till (WDT) Data
    Upper Air Data
      NWS Upper Air Rawinsonde Data (6-sec vertical levels)
      NWS Upper Air Rawinsonde Data (mandatory/significant levels)
      DOE ARM/CART Site Upper Air Data
      Canadian Upper Air Rawinsonde Data (10-sec vertical levels)
      Canadian Upper Air Rawinsonde Data (mandatory/significant levels)
      NOAA Profiler Network Data
      Boundary Layer Profiler Data
    Radar Data
      WSR-88D Data
      WSR-88D NIDS Data
      WSI Reflectivity Composite Imagery
      NCRFC Stage III WSR-88D Data
      NASA/MSFC National Reflectivity Composite
    Land Characterization Data
      PSU 1-km Multi-Layer Soil Characteristics Dataset
      Walnut Creek Watershed Soil Characterization Data
SATELLITE DATA
    GOES-8/9 Satellite Imagery and Derived Products
    NOAA POES AVHRR Imagery
    NOAA POES TOVS Data
    DMSP SSM/I Data/Imagery
    NOAA Weekly Northern Hemisphere Snow Cover Analysis
    GOES/ASOS Cloud Observations
    CLAVR Clouds
    Satellite Radiation Datasets
    EDC Bi-weekly Vegetation Index
    NOAA Airborne Gamma Snow Survey Data
    NOAA/NOHRSC Satellite-Derived Snow Extent Data
MODEL OUTPUT
    Atmospheric Model Output
      AES/CMC RFE Model Output
      NOAA/NCEP Eta Model Output
      NOAA/NCEP Eta Model 12 UTC Initial Analysis Daily GIFs
      NOAA/FSL MAPS Model Output
      MOLTS Output
      MOLTS Derived Sounding Output
      MORDS Output
    Hydrologic Model Output
      NCRFC Hydrologic Model Output

10.6 EOP-3 Data Collection During WY 1998

The data collection plans during WY 1998 takes account of the following known requirements :

The proposed data sets for the LSA-E are shown in Table 10-5 for in-situ data and Table 10-6 for satellite remote sensing data. The current plans for model output data for the LSA-E are the same as that given in Table 10-2 for the CSA.

Table 10-5. Proposed In-Situ Data for LSA-E During WY 1998 and WY 1999.
IN-SITU DATA
    Surface Data
      National
        Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS) Data
        Automated Weather Observing System (AWOS) Data
        Surface Airways Observations (SAO) Hourly Data
        SAO Special Observation Data
        NOAA Profiler Network (NPN) Surface Data
        Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) Site Data
        Canadian Surface Observations
        NWS Cooperative Observer Daily Observations
        NWS Cooperative Observer Precipitation Data
        United States Army Corps of Engineer (USACE) Precipitation and Streamflow Data
        United States Geological Survey (USGS) Streamflow Data
        USDA/NRCS Soil Moisture/Soil Temperature (SM/ST) Data
        USGS Reservoir Data
        SURFRAD Data

      Regional

        Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) Precipitation and Streamflow Data
        TVA Nuclear Power Plant Meteorological Station Data
        Regional Atmospheric Monitoring and Analytical Network (RAMAN) Data
        USDA/Agricultural Research Service (ARS) Meteorological and Soils Data
        Great Lakes Meteorological Data
        NOAA River Forecast Center (RFC) Precipitation Data
        RFC Graphical Products and Data
        Wisconsin and Illinois Gravediggers Network Data
        USGS/Scientific Assessment and Strategy Team (SAST) Data
        National Ice Center (NIC) Great Lakes Ice Data
        LSA-E Hourly Surface Composite
        LSA-E Hourly Precipitation Composite
        LSA-E Daily Precipitation Composite
      Alabama
        Alabama Weather Observing Network Data
        Redstone Arsenal Mesonet Data
      Georgia
        Auburn University Mesonet Data
        Georgia Automated Environmental Monitoring Network Data
        Georgia Forestry Commission Automated Weather Station Network Data
      Illinois
        Illinois Department of Transportation (DOT) Network Data
        Illinois Climate Network (ICN) Data
        Cook County, Illinois Precipitation Network Data
        Imperial Valley Water Authority Precipitation Network Data
        Illinois State Water Survey (ISWS) Soil Moisture Data
        ISWS Wells Data
      Indiana
        Indiana Department of Environmental Management (IDEM) Air Quality Network Data
      Kentucky
        Kentucky Division for Air Quality Meteorology and Air Quality Station Data
        University of Kentucky Research Farm Meteorological Data
      Michigan
        Michigan State University Automated Weather Station Network Data
      North Carolina
        North Carolina State University Experiment Station Weather Network Data
      Pennsylvania
        Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection/Bureau of Air Quality Network Data
      Tennessee
        NOAA/GEWEX Long Term Flux Monitoring Site Data
        Walker Branch Watershed Meteorological and Hydrological Data
      Virginia
        Virginia Department of Environmental Quality Air Monitoring Station Data
      Wisconsin
        University of Wisconsin (UW) Agricultural Weather Observation Network (AWON) Data
        Wisconsin Department of Transportation (DOT) Network Data
        Wisconsin DNR Fire Weather Network Data
        Wisconsin DNR Air Quality Network Data
        Wisconsin Tower Flux Measurement Data
        USDA/NRCS Wisconsin Dense Till (WDT) Data
      Other State Surface Meteorological and Hydrological Network Data
        TBD following Data Survey
    Upper Air Data
      NWS Upper Air Rawinsonde Data (6-sec vertical levels)
      NWS Upper Air Rawinsonde Data (mand/sig levels)
      Canadian Upper Air Rawinsonde Data (10-sec vertical levels)
      Canadian Upper Air Rawinsonde Data (mand/sig levels)
      Redstone Arsenal Rawinsonde Data
      NOAA Profiler Network (NPN) Data
      Boundary Layer Profiler Data
    Radar Data
      WSR-88D Data
      WSR-88D NIDS Data
      WSI Reflectivity Composite Imagery
      RFC Stage III WSR-88D Data
      NASA/MSFC National Reflectivity Composite
    Land Characterization Data
      PSU 1-km Multi-Layer Soil Characteristics Dataset

Table 10-6. Proposed Satellite Remote Sensing Data During WY 1998 and WY 1999 Applicable for the LSA-E
DATA DESCRIPTION DATA AVAILABILITY
MODULE DATA CENTER
Composite Daily Snow Depth Grid NCDC
Composite Daily Snow Cover (GOES, POES, DMSP) X NESDIS, NOHRSC
3-Day Composite DMSP SSM/I Snow Cover X NOHRSC
Composite Weekly Snow Cover Extent NESDIS
Monthly DMSP SSM/I Snow Cover in Percent X NCDC
Hourly GOES-8 1 km Visible (for LSA-E) UCAR OFPS
Daily POES AVHRR 1 km (Land Cover/Vegetation) NOHRSC, EDC
Daily DMSP SSM/I Brightness Temperatures X MSFC DAAC
Daily DMSP SSM/T2 Radiances X MSFC DAAC
Daily DMSP OLS Visible Imagery NGDC
Daily DMSP OLS IR Imagery NGDC
POES Radiation Budget Data (4-Day) NCDC
POES Radiation Budget Data (hourly) NCDC
ISCCP 30 km Cloud Data
Composite Gridded Snow Water Equivalent* X NOHRSC
Composite Gridded Soil Moisture* X NOHRSC
Landsat Thematic Mapper Imagery EDC

*Data from aircraft, satellite and surface sources.

10.7 EOP-4 Data Collection During WY 1999

The data collection plans for EOP-4 are expected to be very similiar to those for EOP-3 given in the previous section with the addition of LSA-NW.

A preliminary listing of data sets for the LSA-NW is shown in Table 10-7 for in-situ data . The current plans for satellite remote sensing data for the LSA-NW are similiar to those shown in Table 10-6 for the LSA-E. The current plans for model output data for the LSA-NW are the same as that given in Table 10-2 for the CSA.

TABLE 10-7 Preliminary In-Situ Data for LSA-NW During WY 1999 and 2000
IN-SITU DATA

    Surface Data

      National
        Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS)
        Automated Weather Observing System (AWOS)
        Surface Airways Observations (SAO) Hourly
        SAO Special Observation
        NOAA Profiler Network (NPN) Surface Sites
        Fire Weather Network
        Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) Sites
        Canadian Surface Observations
        NWS Cooperative Observer Daily Observations
        NWS Cooperative Observer Precipitation Observations
        US Army Corps of Engineer (USACE) Precipitation and Streamflow Sites
        USGS Streamflow Network
        USDA/NRCS Soil Moisture/Soil Temperature (SM/ST) Network
        USGS Reservoir Network
        SURFRAD Network

      Regional

        High Plains Climate Network
        US Bureau of Reclamation AgriMet Network
        DOE ARM/CART Surface Meteorological Network
        Great Lakes Buoy, C-MAN, and Coast Guard Sites
        NOAA River Forecast Center (RFC) Precipitation Sites
        Management Systems Evaluation Areas (MSEA) Project
        USGS/Scientific Assessment and Strategy Team (SAST)
        Wisconsin and Illinois Gravediggers Network
        USDA/NRCS SnoTel Network
        DOE ARM/CART Soil Water and Temperature System Network
        DOE ARM/CART Radiation Sites
        DOE ARM/CART Energy Balance Bowen Ratio and Eddy Correlation Networks
        Hourly Surface Composite
        Hourly Precipitation Composite
        Daily Precipitation Composite
      Colorado
        Colorado Agricultural Meteorological Network (CoAgMet)
      Illinois
        Illinois Department of Transportation Network
        Illinois Climate Network
        Cook County Precipitation Network
        Imperial Valley Water Authority Precipitation Network
        Illinois State Water Survey Soil Moisture Network
        Illinois State Water Survey Wells Networks
      Iowa
        Walnut Creek Watershed Meteorological Sites
        Walnut Creek Watershec Precipitation Sites
        Davenport ALERT Network
        Iowa State University Soil Moisture Survey
        Walnut Creek Watershed Surface and Groundwater Sites
        Walnut Creek Watershed Energy Balance and Evapotranspiration Network
      Kansas
        Overland Park ALERT Network
      Minnesota
        Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (DNR) Fire Weather Network
        Minnesota Road Research Project (Mn/ROAD)
        Minnesota Extension Climatology Network
        University of Minnesota Watershed Project
        Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) Watershed Project
        University of Minnesota Rosemount Experiment Station
        Other University of Minnesota Experiment Stations
        USGS Interdisciplinary Research Initiative (IRI) Site
        Minnesota Precipitation Network
      Missouri
        Missouri Commercial Agriculture Weather Station Network
        Missouri Department of Conservation Fire Weather Network
        Missouri Air Pollution Control Program Network
      Nebraska
        Papio Basin ALERT Network
      North Dakota
        Grand Forks Air Force Base Network
        North Dakota Atmospheric Resources Board Cooperative Rain Gage Network
      u> Utah
        Utah Mesonet
      Wisconsin
        University of Wisconsin Agricultural Weather Observation Network
        Wisconsin Department of Transportation Network
        Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Fire Weather Network
        Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Air Quality Network
        Wisconsin Tower Flux Measurement Site
        USDA/NRCS Wisconsin Dense Till Network
    Upper Air Data
      NWS Upper Air Rawinsonde Data (6-sec vertical levels)
      NWS Upper Air Rawinsonde Data (mandatory/significant levels)
      DOE ARM/CART Upper Air Sites
      Canadian Upper Air Rawinsonde Data (10-sec vertical levels)
      Canadian Upper Air Rawinsonde Data (mandatory/significant levels)
      NPN Data
      Boundary Layer Profiler Data
    Radar data
      WSR-88D Data
      WSR-88D NIDS Data
      WSI Reflectivity Composite Imagery
      NOAA/RFC Stage III WSR-88D Data
      NASA/MSFC National Reflectivity Composite
    Land Characterization Data
      PSU 1-km Multi-Layer Soil Characteristics Dataset

10.8 EOP-5 Data Collection During WY2000

The data collection plans for EOP-5 are expected to be very similiar to those for EOP-4 given in the previous section.

10.9 EOP Data Collection Plans for Continental Scale Areas (CSAs)

The list of data to be collected for the complete CSA during WY-99 and WY 2000 of the EOP are given in Table 10-8 for In-Situ data, and Table 10-9 for Satellite Remote Sensing data.

Table 10-8. In-Situ Data Sets for CSA During the EOP
DATA TYPE DATA AVAILABILITY
Surface Module Center
EOP Hourly Surface Composite X JOSS
EOP Hourly Precipitation Composite X OFPS
EOP Daily Precipitation Composite X OFPS
1-hr data from the ASOS Network (both comissioned and non-comissioned sites) X OFPS
1-hr data from SAO Stations (NWS and FAA) NCDC
1-hr data NOAA Wind Profiler Demonstration Network (WPDN) Stations NCDC
1-hr data from the Oklahoma Mesonet Network OCS
1-hr data from the Illinois Climate Network (ICN) ICN
1-hr data from the High Plains Climate Network (HPCN) HPCC
1-hr data from the USDA SNOTEL Network USDA
1-hr and daily precipitation data from the NWS Cooperative Observer Network NCDC
Daily data from the NWS Cooperative Observor Network NCDC
Daily streamflow data from the USGS and USACE Networks USGS
Daily stramflow and precipitation data from TVA TVA
1-hr data from the USDA/Agricultural Research Service (ARS) OCS
1-hr radiation data from the NOAA SURFRAD Network FSL
Available Soil Moisture data from USDA/SCS, USDA/ARS, DOE/ARM/CART, and ICN X OFPS
1-hr surface observations from the DOE Southern Great Plains ARM/CART site DOE
will be others from other LSAs to be determined
Upper Air
1-hr data from the NOAA Wind Profiler Demonstration Network (WPDN) NCDC
12-hr high-resolution (6-sec vertical level) rawinsonde data from the NWS NCDC
12-hr Eta Model MOLTS Soundings (state parameters only) NCAR
ACARS and CASH flight data from commercial aircraft FSL
Radar
1-hr NIDS 2-km radar reflectivity composite X OFPS
1-hr NASA/MSFC 8-km National precipitation composite (derived from reflectively) MSFC
1-hr and daily WSR-88D Stage III product composite (all available RFC's) X OFPS
WSR-88D Site Level II Archive Data NCDC

Table 10-9. Satellite Remote Sensing Data for CSA during the EOP
DATA DESCRIPTION DATA AVAILABILITY
SATELLITE DATA MODULE CENTER
POES Radiation Budget Data (4/day)
- Outgoing longwave (AVHRR) NCDC
- Planetary albedo (AVHRR) NCDC
- Downward longwave (HIRS) NCDC
- Longwave cooling rate (HIRS) NCDC
- Outgoing longwave (HIRS) NCDC
GOES Radiation Budget Data (hrly)
- Outgoing longwave (Sounder) TBD
- Downward longwave (Sounder) TBD
- Longwave cooling rate (Sounder) TBD
- Insolation/PAR NCDC
- Clear sky surface temperature NCDC
POES/AVHRR Vegetation Index (Weekly/Monthly) NCDC
DMSP/SSM/I Snowcover (Daily) NCHRSC
POES/CLAVR Clouds (2/day) NCDC
GOES/ASOS Clouds (hrly) NCDC
GOES Conus Sector Imagery (IR, VIS, WV) (hourly) UCAR/JOSS
Gridded Areal Snow Cover (Weekly) NCHRSC
Gridded Areal Snow Cover (Daily) TBD
Gridded Snow Water Equivalent (Weekly) NCHRSC
Gridded Snow Water Equivalent (Daily) TBD

10.10 Retrospective Data Sets

OBJECTIVE: Develop high-quality retrospective databases of surface observations, especially precipitation observations, surface meteorological observations, and streamflow for use in calibration of key surface parameters in atmospheric and hydrological models.

Historical hydrometeorological data are needed to develop, validate, and estimate parameters in improved surface parameterizations for atmospheric models. The required period of hydrological data must include several extreme wet and extreme dry periods in which soil moisture levels reach maximum and minimum values. Usually this period ranges from 10 to 30 years, depending on the local climate and actual occurrence of events. At least 30 years is needed to put the EOP in a climatological context. Spatially, all available precipitation measurements are needed to obtain the best possible water budgets over areas of 103 to 104 km2.

The data types required include precipitation, air temperature, streamflow, and meteorological observations to estimate water and energy fluxes between the surface and the atmosphere. The primary source of historical data is surface observations, but archived NWP model outputs and some historical satellite data may be required as well.

The preparation of historical data sets is directly linked to the development of the NOAA Hydrological Data System which was described in Appendix E of the GCIP Major Activities Plan for 1995, 1996 and Outlook for 1997 (IGPO 1994c).

For GCIP, long periods of retrospective, high-quality hydrometeorological data are critical because the statistical variability of extremes (that is, flood and drought) is essential in assessing the impact of climate variability on water resources. A portion of the total retrospective data needs is being compiled within the NWS/OH as part of the NOAA Core Project for GCIP. Retrospective data are a critical input to the NWP model upgrades. At present, models of surface hydrology must be calibrated using historical precipitation, evaporation, temperature, and other climatological data, together with streamflow data. Similar calibrations using 30 to 50 years of data are needed to run the models from which will be determined the key hydrological parameters of soil moisture capacity and runoff formulation required by the upgraded NWP models and required to global models.