CEOP LBA Santarem Reference Site ForestKm83 Station

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Regional Hydroclimate Project:

LBA (Large-Scale Biosphere - Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia) Reference Site Name:

Santarem Station Name:

ForestKm83 Other Stations at Reference Site:

None. Contact Information:

Name:

Affiliation:

LBA Santarém Regional Office

Address:

E-mail:

Telephone:

Fax:

Associated Web Sites:

Station Location, Maps and Google Earth Files:

LBA Regional Map (click for full resolution):

Regional and Area Maps (click for full resolution):

Google Earth .kmz file of LBA Reference Site stations

Station Description:

General Description:

No information.

Station Operator:

The LBA Santarem km 83 site is part of the LBA Project, managed by the Brazilian Institute for Amazon Research (INPA) which is subordinated to Brazilian Ministry of Science and Technology (MCT).

Vegetation and Land Use:

Santarém is located in Western Pará, a port city of 250,000 people at the confluence of the Tapajós and Amazon Rivers. Many of the LBA-ECO intensive study sites are in or near the Tapajós National Forest (Flona Tapajós), which contains nearly 600,000 ha of protected old growth evergreen forest and is located 50 km south of Santarém. This national forest is bordered on the west by the Tapajós River and on the east by the highway BR 163, which intersects the Transamazon Highway about 180 km to the south of Santarém. The region receives about 2 m of rain each year with a seasonal pattern typical of much of eastern and southern Amazonia. The monthly rainfall extremes are March (375 mm) and October (50 mm; SUDAM, 1984). The Flona Tapajós has a variety of landforms and soils, which provide notable ecological contrasts for research. The Santarem site surface type is "Para Forest".

Vegetation around Santarem towers (Click for full resolution):

Dominant land cover at the measurement location: No information.

Canopy height: No information.

Density of Canopy: No information.

Land cover within 50 m of site: No information.

Land cover within 500 m of site: No information.

Land cover within 12 km of site: No information.

Seasonal land cover changes: No information.

Major changes in land cover at site from October 2002 to December 2004: No information.

Slope at the site: No information.

Other notes: None

Soil Type and Characterization:

The landscape of the Tapajos National Forest can be divided into 3 units. The western portion of the forest that borders on the Tapajós River is characterized by a belt of dissected westward draining terrain called flanco that varies in width from 50 to 30 km. In the northern portion of the Tapajos National Forest, the flanco borders on an eastward draining plateau (planalto).(Parrotta et al. 1995). Toward the south of the forest (approximately south of the intersection of the Rio Moju with the BR-163 at km 135) the plateau becomes increasingly dissected. In order to remain close to Santarém and to select sites with relatively flat topography for eddy flux measurements we concentrated our site selection activities in the region of the plateau. The Tapajos National Forest is located in the Amazon River Valley, a low sedimentary area dominated by Tertiary and Quaternary sediments located between the pre-Cambrian shield regions of Central Brazil and the Guyanas. The plateau portion of the Tapajos National Forest is underlain by the "Belterra clay" described in detail by Sombroek (1966) who identified this surface in Belterra. The soils formed on this surface are common throughout the eastern Amazon are primarily classified according to the Brazilian system as Latossolo amarelo distrófico which correspond generally to Oxisols in the USDA classification. These soils are acidic, have a low base saturation and cation exchange capacity and have a high clay content. While clay soils predominate in the plateau area of the Tapajos National Forest, we have also found sandy soils particularly in the forest near km 83 in the area of the logging project.

Surface soil type: No information.

Soil type in deeper layers: No information.

Surface soil porosity: No information.

Soil porosity in deeper layers: No information.

Soil infiltration rate: No information.

Bulk Dry Density: No information.

Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity: No information.

The Soil Reference Group(s) (from World Reference Base for Soil Resources): No information.

Climate:

The Tapajos National Forest is an area of forested vegetation wedged between a managed mosaic of forests, pastures, agricultural fields and secondary succession to the east and the expansive Tapajos River to the west. With predominant easterlies during much of the year, one can expect a less turbulent but still convective boundary layer to grow from the forested edge to the west, as the air passes from the hot, smoother flow over the pastures, to the rough, relatively cooler near surface air over the TNF. Carbon uptake as measured at towers in the TNF may present a biased view of the regional situation because of variations in cloudiness. At least during the dry season, presence of clouds is strongly determined by the strength of the easterlies and by proximity to the river. Conditions further inland can be somewhat different than over the TNF. Judging from a reduced tendency for afternoon wind shifts at Belterra, we infer that the direct importance of the river breeze circulation has already been seen to wane with the onset of the rainy season. However, results from ABLE-2 indicate that a convergence zone can be set up inland, even when the wind direction does not shift in the afternoon. During the site visit to the km 67 site, the wind shifted to westerly in the late afternoon, and the IBAMA guards verified that this was common.

CEOP Parameters Measured and Instrumentation:

SURFACE METEOROLOGY AND RADIATION INSTRUMENTATION AND DESCRIPTION:

Station pressure - measured; height and instrumentation not provided.
Air Temperature - measured; height and instrumentation not provided.
Dew point - measured; height and instrumentation not provided.
Relative humidity - measured; height and instrumentation not provided.
Specific humidity - measured; height and instrumentation not provided.
Wind speed - measured; height and instrumentation not provided.
Wind direction - measured; height and instrumentation not provided.
U wind component - measured; height and instrumentation not provided.
V wind component - measured; height and instrumentation not provided.
Precipitation - measured; height and instrumentation not provided.
Snow depth - Not measured.
Incoming shortwave radiation - measured; height and instrumentation not provided.
Outgoing shortwave radiation - measured; height and instrumentation not provided.
Incoming longwave radiation - measured; height and instrumentation not provided.
Outgoing longwave radiation - measured; height and instrumentation not provided.
Net radiation measured; height and instrumentation not provided.
Skin temperature - Not measured.
Incoming Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) - measured; height and instrumentation not provided.
Outgoing Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) - Not measured.

Santarem Tower

METEOROLOGICAL TOWER INSTRUMENTATION AND DESCRIPTION:

Station pressure - Not measured.
Air Temperature - measured at 2, 10, and 40 m heights; instrumentation not provided.
Dew point - Not measured.
Relative humidity - Not measured.
Specific humidity - Not measured.
Wind speed - measured at 40 and 50 m heights; instrumentation not provided.
Wind direction - Not measured.
U wind component - Not measured.
V wind component - Not measured.

FLUX INSTRUMENTATION AND DESCRIPTION:

Sensible heat flux - 64.0 m instrumentation not provided
Latent Heat flux - 64.0 m instrumentation not provided
CO2 Flux - 64.0 m instrumentation not provided
Soil heat flux - 10 cm depth instrumentation not provided

SOIL INSTRUMENTATION AND DESCRIPTION:

Soil temperature - 10, 20, and 50 cm depths instrumentation not provided
Soil moisture - 10, 20, and 40 cm depths instrumentation not provided

RADIOSONDE INSTRUMENTATION AND DESCRIPTION:

No information.

Site References

None provided.

Literature:

None provided.

Presentations:

LBA (10 March 2004; Irvine, CA, USA)
LBA (31 March 2003; Berlin, Germany)
LBA (2 April 2003; Berlin, Germany)
LBA (6 March 2002; Tokyo, Japan)

Data Sets and Documentation: