CEOP BALTEX Lindenberg Reference Site Forest Station

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Regional Hydroclimate Project:

BALTEX (Baltic Sea Experiment) Reference Site Name:

Lindenberg Station Name:

Forest Other Stations at Reference Site:

Falkenberg

Contact Information:

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Affiliation:

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Station Location, Maps and Google Earth Files:

The radiosondes are released at the site of the Meteorological Observatory Lindenberg (MOL) which is about 5 km to the North of the Falkenberg site.

The co-ordinates of the MOL are given by:
52^o 12' 36" N (52.21^oN) and 14^o 07' 12" E (14.12^oE) at 112 m elevation.

BALTEX Regional Map (click for full resolution):

Lindenberg Area Map (click for full resolution):

Google Earth .kmz file of BALTEX Lindenberg Reference Site station and radiosonde locations

Station Description:

General Description:

The Forest Station in its present configuration has been set up in autumn, 2002. After a test phase the operational measurements started on December 01, 2002, data were delivered to the CEOP archive starting on January 01, 2003.

View towards NW across the pine forest with the Forest Station tower in the upper left quadrant (click for full resolution):

Station Operator: The Meteorological Observatory Lindenberg . Richard-Aßmann Observatory (MOL-RAO) is part of the business area Research and Development of the Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD), the national meteorological service of Germany.

Terrain, Vegetation and Land Use: The terrain at the Forest Station site is slightly slanted from East towards West with a height difference of about 10 m over a distance of 1 km. A small lake and a clearing of a few hectars in size are situated about half a kilometer to the West of the forest tower. The forest consists of regular sectors *(see image below) of pine plantations (pinus sylvestris). The mean tree height around the tower is 14 m, but it reaches up to 18 m in other (older) parts of the plantations in the vicinity of the forest tower. The mean stem diameter is about 14 cm and the number of stems is roughly 1800 per hectar.

Birds view at the forest plantations around the Forest Station tower (click for full resolution):

The land use in the area is dominated by forest and agricultural fields (40 - 45 % each), lakes cover 5-7 %, villages and traffic about 5 %. For the agricultural fields, triticale (a hybrid between wheat = triticum and rye = secale) is the dominating vegetation, significant parts of the farmland are also covered by grass, rape and maize. The land use classification in the vicinity of the two stations depends on the scale considered, a characterisation at different scales is given below.

Land cover within	Falkenberg	Forest
100 m	Grassland	pine forest
500 m	grassland / cropland	pine forest
10 km	grassland / cropland . 60 % pine forest . 30 % open water . 5 % settlements . 5 %	grassland / cropland . 28 % pine forest . 60 % open water . 7 % settlements . 5 %

Dominant land cover at the ground measurement location: pine forest (USGS class 14)

Canopy height: No information.

Land cover (approximate percentages of each type) within 50 m of the measurement location - pine forest (USGS class 14)

Land cover (approximate percentages of each type) within 500 m of the measurement location (1 km pixel) - pine forest (USGS class 14)

Land cover (approximate percentages of each type) within 12 km of the measurement location (1/4 degree pixel)

Seasonal land cover changes: None noted.

Major changes in land cover from October 2002 to December 2004: None.

Slope at the site: about 1:100

Mean elevation (m) and range of elevations in 1 km pixel: 45 m - 55 m NN.

Other Notes: None.

Soil Type: The soil type distribution in the area around Lindenberg is dominated by sandy soils. In the forested parts west of Lindenberg, the sand reaches a depth of several meters. Dominating soil reference groups are brown soil - Cambic Arenosol, and Ferric Podzol. At the GM Falkenberg, sandy soils (pale soil - Eutric Podzoluvisol, brown soil - Cambic Arenosol) cover a layer of loam, which can be typically found at a depth of between 50 cm and 80 cm, locally even below. Typical physical parameters of the soil are listed in the table below.

Soil physical parameters given in Table 2 are partly based on standard soil data tables, winter measurements at GM Falkenberg indicate a field capacity of about 23 ą 2 % for the upper two soil layers and of about 30 ą 3 % below.

Surface soil type: sand: 88 % / clay: 12 % (0-30 cm)

Soil type in deeper layers: sand: 92 % / clay: 8 % (below 30 cm)

Surface soil Porosity: 37 %

Soil Porosity in deeper layers: 37 % (down to 150 cm)

Soil infiltration rate: No information.

Bulk dry density:

Saturated hydraulic conductivity: 550 cm/day

Soil Reference Group(s) (from World Reference Base for Soil Resources):

Climate: Lindenberg represents moderate mid-latitude climate conditions at the transition between marine and continental influences. Monthly mean temperatures (1961-1990) vary between .1.2 deg C (January) and 17.9 deg C (July), and the mean annual precipitation sum is 563 mm. The annual precipitation pattern shows a main maximum during summertime and a secondary maximum in December with minima in February and October. The climate diagram is shown in Figure 3. During winter, the average number of days with minimum / maximum temperatures below 0 ^oC is 89 and 27, respectively.

CEOP Parameters Measured and Instrumentation:

SURFACE METEOROLOGY AND RADIATION INSTRUMENTATION AND DESCRIPTION:

Station pressure (26 m; Lambrecht RPT410V piezo-resistance)
Air Temperature (2.55 m; Vaisala HMP-35D/45D capacitive)
Dew point (2m derived)
Relative humidity (2m; Vaisala HMP-35D/45D capacitive)
Specific humidity (2m derived)
Wind speed NOT MEASURED
Wind direction NOT MEASURED
U wind component NOT MEASURED
V wind component NOT MEASURED
Precipitation (1 m; Ott Hydrometrie Pluvio weighing)
Snow depth NOT MEASURED
Incoming shortwave radiation (28.95 m; Kipp & Zonen CM24 thermopile)
Outgoing shortwave radiation (28.95 m; Kipp & Zonen CM24 thermopile)
Incoming longwave radiation (28.95 m; Eppley DDPIR thermopile)
Outgoing longwave radiation (28.95 m; Eppley DDPIR thermopile)
Net radiation (28.95 m; derived)
Skin temperature (26.10 m; Heitronics KT 15.8D pyro-electric)
Incoming Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) NOT MEASURED
Outgoing Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) NOT MEASURED
A few other sensor replacements (e.g., of the turbulence sensors and of the cup anemometers in connection with configuration updates or regular maintenance and calibration activities, respectively) were performed without changing the sensor type.

The 30m tower at the Lindenberg Forest Station (click for full resolution):

METEOROLOGICAL TOWER INSTRUMENTATION AND DESCRIPTION: The central measurement facility is a lattice tower construction of triangular shape with a side length of 40 cm (see Figure 9). Standard measurements of mean meteorological parameters (wind speed, temperature, humidity) are performed at nine levels: 2.25 m, 4.05 m, 9.50 m, 12.05 m, 14.55 m, 17.45 m, 21.00 m, 24.15 m, and 28.30 m, respectively. The first two levels represent the stem region, the next three levels are immediately below, inside and slightly above the crown region, and the upper four levels represent the above-canopy part of the atmospheric surface layer. Wind sensors are mounted on booms pointing towards SSE at 1.15 m distance to the tower.

Station pressure (26 m; Lambrecht RPT410V piezo-resistance)
Air Temperature (14.55, 28.3 m; Vaisala HMP-35D/45D capacitive)
Dew point (14.55, 28.3 m derived)
Relative humidity (14.55, 28.3 m; Vaisala HMP-35D/45D capacitive)
Specific humidity (14.55, 28.3 m derived)
Wind speed (14.55, 28.3 m; Climatronics F460 cup)
Wind direction (14.55, 28.3 m; Metek USA-1 sonic)
U wind component (40 and 98 m derived)
V wind component (40 and 98 m derived)
A few other sensor replacements (e.g., of the turbulence sensors and of the cup anemometers in connection with configuration updates or regular maintenance and calibration activities, respectively) were performed without changing the sensor type.

The 30m tower at the Lindenberg Forest Station (click for full resolution):

FLUX INSTRUMENTATION AND DESCRIPTION: The turbulence measurements using eddy covariance instrumentation are carried out at the top of the tower.

Sensible Heat Flux (30.55 m; METEK USA-1 sonic)
Latent Heat Flux (30.55 m; LiCor LI-7500 infrared hydrometer)
CO2 Flux (NOT MEASURED)
Soil Heat Flux (-5 cm ; RIMCO HP3 flux plate)
A few other sensor replacements (e.g., of the turbulence sensors and of the cup anemometers in connection with configuration updates or regular maintenance and calibration activities, respectively) were performed without changing the sensor type.

The 30m tower at the Lindenberg Forest Station (click for full resolution):

SOIL INSTRUMENTATION AND DESCRIPTION: Soil measurements are performed along two different profiles close to the tower down to a depth of 1.5 m, the distance between the two profiles is about 1.5 m.

Soil temperature (-10, -20, -30, -60, -90, -150 cm; TMG Pt-100)
Soil moisture (-10, -20, -30, -60, -90, -150 cm; IMKO TRIME EZ TDR)
A few other sensor replacements (e.g., of the turbulence sensors and of the cup anemometers in connection with configuration updates or regular maintenance and calibration activities, respectively) were performed without changing the sensor type.

RADIOSONDE INSTRUMENTATION AND DESCRIPTION: Operational radiosonde measurements at MOL are performed four times daily. Before July 01, 2004, release time was around 0445 UTC, 1045 UTC, 1645 UTC, and 2245 UTC, respectively and the soundings were performed using Vaisala RS-80-30 (RS-80-30E) radiosondes (Vaisala Oy, Finland - http://www.vaisala.com) and Vaisala PC-Cora ground equipment. Wind finding was done by radar tracking of the balloon using Gematronik 300WF radar. Since July 01, 2004, Vaisala RS-92-AGP radiosondes have been used in connection with Vaisala Digi-Cora III ground equipment and GPS wind finding. Release times have been slightly shifted to around 0515 UTC, 1115 UTC, 1715 UTC, and 2315 UTC, respectively.

Site References

http://www.dwd.de/en/FundE/Observator/MOL/

Literature:

Neisser, J., W. Adam, F. Beyrich, U. Leiterer, H. Steinhagen (2002): Atmospheric boundary layer monitoring at the Meteorological Observatory Lindenberg as a part of the "Lindenberg Column": Facilities and selected results. Meteorol. Z. (N.F.) 11, 241-253

Presentations:

BALTEX: The Baltic Sea Experimen t (13 March 2007; Washington, DC, USA)
A Status Report from the European (BALTEX) Reference Sites in CEOP (2 7 February 2006; Paris, France)
BALTEX Reference Sites for the CEOP (10 March 2004; Irvine, California, USA)
Lindenberg Data for CEOP (31 March 2003; Berlin, Germany)
BALTEX Reference Sites for the GEWEX CEOP (6 March 2002; Tokyo, Japan)

Data Sets and Documentation: