CEOP BALTEX Lindenberg Reference Site Falkenberg Station

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Regional Hydroclimate Project:

BALTEX (Baltic Sea Experiment) Reference Site Name:

Lindenberg Station Name:

Falkenberg Other Stations at Reference Site:

Forest

Contact Information:

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Affiliation:

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Station Location, Maps and Google Earth Files:

The coordinates of the GM Falkenberg are given by:
52^o 10' 01" N (52.17^oN) and 14^o 07' 27" E (14.12^oE) at 73 m elevation.

The radiosondes are released at the site of the Meteorological Observatory Lindenberg (MOL) which is about 5 km to the North of the Falkenberg site.

The co-ordinates of the MOL are given by:
52^o 12' 36" N (52.21^oN) and 14^o 07' 12" E (14.12^oE) at 112 m elevation.

BALTEX Regional Map (click for full resolution):

Lindenberg Area Map (click for full resolution):

Google Earth .kmz file of BALTEX Lindenberg Reference Site station and radiosonde locations

Station Description:

General Description:

The landscape in the region around Lindenberg was formed by the inland glaciers during the last ice age exhibiting a slightly undulating surface with height differences of less than 100 m over distances of about 10 km. The lowest areas in the Spree river valley (which forms a wide bend around Lindenberg in the South, East and North at distances of between 10 and 20 km) are at about 40 m above sea level and a few hills north-east of Lindenberg reach 130 m above sea level. A number of small and medium-sized lakes are embedded in this landscape. Both, the orography and the mixture of surface types are rather typical for large parts of northern Central Europe south of the Baltic Sea.

The terrain around the GM Falkenberg is slightly slanted from NNE towards SSW with height differences of less than 5 m over a distance of about 1 km. The central part of the field site is a flat meadow of 150 * 250 m2 covered by short grass (managed regularly so that the vegetation height is always less then 20 cm), this area is surrounded by grassland and agricultural fields in the immediate vicinity, a small village is situated about 600 m to the SE (see also Figure 2), and a small, but heterogeneous forest area lies to the W and NW at about 1 to 1.5 km distance. The basic installation of the GM Falkenberg was performed in 1998, and the number of sensors and measurement systems has gradually been complemented over the following years.

Aerial view towards NW at the landscape around the boundary layer field site GM Falkenberg (the L-shaped area in the centre of the photo; click for full resolution):

Station Operator: The Meteorological Observatory Lindenberg . Richard-Aßmann Observatory (MOL-RAO) is part of the business area Research and Development of the Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD), the national meteorological service of Germany.

Vegetation and Land Use: The land use in the area is dominated by forest and agricultural fields (40 - 45 % each), lakes cover 5-7 %, villages and traffic about 5 %. For the agricultural fields, triticale (a hybrid between wheat = triticum and rye = secale) is the dominating vegetation, significant parts of the farmland are also covered by grass, rape and maize. The land use classification in the vicinity of the two stations depends on the scale considered, a characterisation at different scales is given below.

Land cover within	Falkenberg	Forest
100 m	Grassland	pine forest
500 m	grassland / cropland	pine forest
10 km	grassland / cropland . 60 % pine forest . 30 % open water . 5 % settlements . 5 %	grassland / cropland . 28 % pine forest . 60 % open water . 7 % settlements . 5 %

Dominanat land cover at the measurement location: short grass (USGS class 7).

Canopy height: No information.

Land cover (approximate percentages of each type) within 50 m of the measurement location: short grass / grassland (USGS class 7)

Land cover (approximate percentages of each type) within 500 m of the measurement location (1 km pixel): grassland / cropland (USGS class 5)

Land cover (approximate percentages of each type) within 12 km of the measurement location (1/4 degree pixel):

Seasonal land cover changes:

Major changes in land cover at the site from October 2002 to December 2004: None.

Slope at the site: about 1:200

Mean elevation and range of elevations in 1 km pixel: 70 m - 75 m NN

Soil Type and Characterization:

Soil Type:

Soil physical parameters given in the table above are partly based on standard soil data tables, winter measurements at GM Falkenberg indicate a field capacity of about 23 ą 2 % for the upper two soil layers and of about 30 ą 3 % below.

Soil porosity:

Soil infiltration rate: No information.

Bulk dry density: 1.6 g/cm^3 (0-30 cm) and 1.7 g/cm^3 (below 30 cm)

Saturated hydraulic conductivity:

Soil Reference Group(s) (from World Reference Base for Soil Resources):

Climate: Lindenberg represents moderate mid-latitude climate conditions at the transition between marine and continental influences. Monthly mean temperatures (1961-1990) vary between .1.2 deg C (January) and 17.9 deg C (July), and the mean annual precipitation sum is 563 mm. The annual precipitation pattern shows a main maximum during summertime and a secondary maximum in December with minima in February and October. The climate diagram is shown in Figure 3. During winter, the average number of days with minimum / maximum temperatures below 0 ^oC is 89 and 27, respectively.

CEOP Parameters Measured and Instrumentation:

SURFACE METEOROLOGY AND RADIATION INSTRUMENTATION AND DESCRIPTION:

Station pressure (1 m; Vaisala PTB220A piezo-resistance)
Air Temperature (2m; Th. Friedrichs Frakenberger Psychrometer Pt-100)
Dew point (2m derived)
Relative humidity (2m; Vaisala HMP-35D capacitive)
Specific humidity (2m derived)
Wind speed (10 m; Climatronics F460 cup)
Wind direction (10 m; Thiess Wind Dir. Transm. vane)
U wind component (derived) (10 m)
V wind component (derived) (10 m)
Precipitation (1 m; Ott Hydrometrie Pluvio weighing)
Snow depth (Snow stick manual)
Incoming shortwave radiation (2 m; Kipp & Zonen CM24 thermopile)
Outgoing shortwave radiation (2 m; Kipp & Zonen CM24 thermopile)
Incoming longwave radiation (2 m; Eppley DDPIR thermopile)
Outgoing longwave radiation (2 m; Eppley DDPIR thermopile)
Net radiation (2 m; derived)
Skin temperature (2 m; Heitronics KT 15.8D pyro-electric)
Incoming Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) (2 m; LiCor LI190SZ photo diode)
Outgoing Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) (2 m; LiCor LI190SZ photo diode)
Note that a replacement of the combined temperature-humidity sensor HMP-35D by the more recent model type HMP-45D was realised at the 10m mast on March 23, 2004.
A few other sensor replacements (e.g., of the turbulence sensors and of the cup anemometers in connection with configuration updates or regular maintenance and calibration activities, respectively) were performed without changing the sensor type.

The 10 m mast for standard meteorological measurements from SSW (click for full resolution):

METEOROLOGICAL TOWER INSTRUMENTATION AND DESCRIPTION: The central measurement facility at GM Falkenberg is a 99m tower, a lattice construction of rectangular cross section with a side length of 1.2 m. It is equipped with booms to carry sensors at every 10 m, three booms are mounted at each level pointing approximately towards S, W, and N (with a shift of 11 deg). Standard meteorological profile measurements (wind speed, temperature, humidity) are performed at levels 10 m, 20 m, 40 m, 60 m, 80 m, and 98 m. Wind sensors are mounted on each of the three booms at these height levels in order to ensure that there is always at least one sensor not influenced from the structure of the tower. The measurement levels at 30 m, 50 m, 70 m, and 90 m are planned to be instrumented with turbulence sensors in the future, up to now turbulence measurements were realised during field experiments of several weeks duration in 1998, 2000, 2002, and 2003, respectively.

Station pressure (40 and 98 m; Vaisala PTB220A piezo-resistance)
Air Temperature (40 and 98 m; Th. Friedrichs Frankenberger Psychrometer Pt-100)
Dew point (40 and 98 m derived)
Relative humidity (40 and 98 m; Vaisala HMP-35D capacitive)
Specific humidity (40 and 98 m derived)
Wind speed (40 and 98 m; Thiess wind transmitter cup)
Wind direction (40 and 98 m; Thiess wind direction vane)
U wind component (40 and 98 m derived)
V wind component (40 and 98 m derived)
Note that a replacement of the combined temperature-humidity sensor HMP-35D by the more recent model type HMP-45D was realised at the 99m tower on April 14-15, 2004.
A few other sensor replacements (e.g., of the turbulence sensors and of the cup anemometers in connection with configuration updates or regular maintenance and calibration activities, respectively) were performed without changing the sensor type.
The DWD-MOL boundary layer field site (GM) Falkenberg towards WNW (click for full resolution):

FLUX INSTRUMENTATION AND DESCRIPTION: Flux measurements are performed using omni-directional sonic anemometer-thermometers. Two of these instruments are operated at the western wiring of the 10 m mast (S1) and at the western edge of the field site (S2), respectively, providing flux data representative for the grassland area both for westerly and easterly wind directions. The sonics are mounted on top of tall tube masts. Fast-response infrared hygrometers have been added to the sonics in spring 2003 for the direct measurement of the latent heat flux using the eddy-covariance method.

Sensible Heat Flux (2.4 m; METEK USA-1 sonic)
Latent Heat Flux (2.4 m; LiCor LI-7500 infrared hydrometer)
CO2 Flux (NOT MEASURED)
Soil Heat Flux (-5, -10 cm; RIMCO HP3 flux plate)
A few other sensor replacements (e.g., of the turbulence sensors and of the cup anemometers in connection with configuration updates or regular maintenance and calibration activities, respectively) were performed without changing the sensor type.

Turbulence measurement system S1 (USA-1 + LI7500 hygrometer) (click for full resolution):

SOIL INSTRUMENTATION AND DESCRIPTION: Soil measurements are performed west of the radiation measurements.

Soil temperature (-5, -10, -15, -20, -30, -45, -50, -60, -90, -100, -120, -150 cm; TMG Pt-100)
Soil moisture (-8, -15, -30, -45, -60, -90 cm; IMKO TRIME EZ TDR)
A few other sensor replacements (e.g., of the turbulence sensors and of the cup anemometers in connection with configuration updates or regular maintenance and calibration activities, respectively) were performed without changing the sensor type.

RADIOSONDE INSTRUMENTATION AND DESCRIPTION: Operational radiosonde measurements at MOL are performed four times daily. Before July 01, 2004, release time was around 0445 UTC, 1045 UTC, 1645 UTC, and 2245 UTC, respectively and the soundings were performed using Vaisala RS-80-30 (RS-80-30E) radiosondes (Vaisala Oy, Finland - http://www.vaisala.com) and Vaisala PC-Cora ground equipment. Wind finding was done by radar tracking of the balloon using Gematronik 300WF radar. Since July 01, 2004, Vaisala RS-92-AGP radiosondes have been used in connection with Vaisala Digi-Cora III ground equipment and GPS wind finding. Release times have been slightly shifted to around 0515 UTC, 1115 UTC, 1715 UTC, and 2315 UTC, respectively.

Site References

http://www.dwd.de/en/FundE/Observator/MOL/

Literature:

Neisser, J., W. Adam, F. Beyrich, U. Leiterer, H. Steinhagen (2002): Atmospheric boundary layer monitoring at the Meteorological Observatory Lindenberg as a part of the "Lindenberg Column": Facilities and selected results. Meteorol. Z. (N.F.) 11, 241-253

Presentations:

BALTEX: The Baltic Sea Experimen t (13 March 2007; Washington, DC, USA)
A Status Report from the European (BALTEX) Reference Sites in CEOP (2 7 February 2006; Paris, France)
BALTEX Reference Sites for the CEOP (10 March 2004; Irvine, California, USA)
Lindenberg Data for CEOP (31 March 2003; Berlin, Germany)
BALTEX Reference Sites for the GEWEX CEOP (6 March 2002; Tokyo, Japan)

Data Sets and Documentation: